Marketing Mix adjustment strategies

Executive summary This report presents marketing mix that Rose Chocolatier will use in Brazil confectionery market as its target market. The company must use its marketing mix strategy with the price as the determining factor upon which other elements of marketing mix depend.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Marketing Mix adjustment strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rose Chocolatier must recognise that Brazil is an emerging economy with most middle-class consumers; thus, its prices, products, and promotion strategies will appeal to such consumers. The company must also take into account factors related to potential risks and benefits when venturing into foreign markets. This means that all decisions must be of significant consequences as foreign markets are different from domestic markets. Product and target market description Rose Chocolatier has many varieties of dark chocolates made from finest o rganic and natural ingredients. The company has hand-dipped and moulded chocolate that are fresh and flavoured. The company has fresh chocolates daily. Some of the chocolate varieties Rose Chocolatier has include dark chocolate bark, milk chocolate bark, Pecan Toffee, Traditional Caramels, Hazelnut Gianduja, Dark Chocolate Ganache, White Chocolate with Lemon, Dark Chocolate with Scotch, and the Gift Baskets that consist of barks, toffee, peppermint bark, and truffles (Rose Chocolatier, 2012). Rose Chocolatier intends to venture into the international market with Brazil has the target market. Brazil is among the world’s emerging economies and consumptions of luxury products are on the rise. Brazil chocolate market has a wide range of consumers in which consumers below the age of 14 years accounted for 36.8 percent of confectionery consumption during the year 2008. Specifically, this age group accounts for 38.1 percent of the total chocolate consumed in the same period. Still, urban consumers are the highest consumers of chocolate products at 87.6 percent in the year 2008.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Redruello notes â€Å"strong economic growth and increasing prices of export commodities have enhanced Brazilian consumers’ confidence† (Redruello, 2011). Consequently, confectionery industry has grown as demands for high added value luxuries have increased (Redruello, 2011). According to Euromonitor International, the industry experienced a growth of two percent in the retail sector in 2010. In addition, retail sales increased by seven percent from the year 2009 representing a growth of US $ 9.7 billion. Brazil mainly depends on exports to the EU zones. The trends show that the country’s export market is growing. Rose Chocolatier will find it cheap to use Brazilian sugar in its chocolate products than import from Austral ia. Brazil also has high birth rate. This is a factor responsible for the growth of confectionery industry. In 2010, the chocolate industry grew by 17 percent. This occurred due to favourable macroeconomic factors such as increased employment opportunities, growth in the GDP and increased industrial activities. In Brazil, Easter periods are also the best time to increase sales of gift chocolate baskets. In the year 2010, the sales increased by 20 percent compared to the previous year. Still, boxed assortments and gift baskets are the largest and fast moving chocolate products. They accounted for â€Å"36 percent of the year’s sale, representing 30 percent of the total revenue† (Redruello, 2011). Brazil chocolate manufacturers such as Ferrero have established that they can increase their sales by offering varieties. Thus, the company launch many varieties in 2009 such as Ferroro Rondnoir and Ferroro Garden Coco. In addition, there is also the exisiting Ferroro Rocher Li ne (Redruello, 2011). Kraft Foods also launched additional two packs under the popular bonbons of the Sonho de Vala brand. This brand mainly targets children because the product is a folding carton consisting attractive designs of heart shape. The aims of these new brands were to add value to consumers and provide competitive strategies in a market dominated by premium brands. The strategies mainly focused on â€Å"capturing the market share of gift segment and standard boxed assortments† (Redruello, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Marketing Mix adjustment strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are also confectionery products that can substitute chocolates. This segment of products also grew considerably. Sugar confectionery also increased by 5 percent in the year 2010. This was due to rising sugar products prices. Caramels, toffees, and nougat also increased their sales volume in t he same period. The industry attributed this to â€Å"rising costs of sugar products and due to the increase of share premium in the leading toffees company, Arcor† (Redruello, 2011). This enhanced strong value growth by 10 percent. Cadbury Adams launched a â€Å"new value-added gum confectionery under its leading brand of Trident in the period of 2009† (Redruello, 2011). Cadbury Adams first launched this product in Brazil in 2009 before taking it to any other country. This shows how Brazil confectionery market is growing rapidly amidst competition. In addition, the company launched other products such as Trident Total. This product aimed at appealing to consumers’ oral health, and it has protein ingredients from milk for replacing lost minerals. Other functional gum products also increased their sales volume by 18 percent. This occurred as a result of activities of Cadbury Adam in their efforts to increase their sales volume in this category. The company manage d five percent growth in value share, in 2010. This is the industry environment that Rose Chocolatier will operate. Product Strategy Rose Chocolatier can establish its brand in Brazilian market. However, it must recognise that it is neither easy nor cheap as it must fight it out with established giants like Cadbury Adam and Kraft Foods. Thus, it must maintain quality. This implies that its chocolate must have consistency both in the target market and Australia. At the same time, the company cannot compromise on the administrative and employees compositions that support its brands. It has to recognise that operating in a new market is difficult than in the home market. The company must also estimate the period it will take to establish itself in Brazil market. Rose Chocolatier has many assortments of dark and milk chocolate products that it can provide in Brazil market. Rose Chocolatier can market assortments of its chocolate and other confectionery products in varied sizes, quality, and in different packages for different consumers. Consumers can buy fresh chocolate products for immediate consumption or takeaway products nicely packaged in Rose Chocolatier branded wrappers. This is an approach Rose Chocolatier can apply to target its potential buyers in Brazil. Products packaging sends a strong message to customers about the company. Thus, Rose Chocolatier must recognise the importance of packaging in Brazilian market where companies launch innovative products every year.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Packaging approach must attract customers within a limited time to enable the company acquire sales volume and market share. Chocolates packaging offers convenience to consumers who want carry their chocolates, give gifts, or take them on their way home or work. Consumers can purchase chocolate products repeatedly due to packaging offered. The company has been working on its packaging so as to fit all weather conditions and delivery periods. However, successful companies have realised the need for innovating their packaging methods over the years so as to appeal to consumers for convenience. Rose Chocolatier must also note that all its chocolates are consistent in all its international outlets. Rose Chocolatier must promise its potential customers that products will maintain their original tastes despite using Brazil sugar or milk. This is necessary in cases where it has to deliver fresh chocolate products on a daily basis. Rose Chocolatier offers convenience by serving customers hi gh-end products in Australia at competitive prices. This must also apply in Brazil where emerging middle-class consumers expect quality products for their spending. This allows Brazilian consumers expect standard products from the company. This is important when dealing with deliveries in hot weather and hand-made chocolate products. It is the relationship that Rose Chocolatier will establish through its products that will ensure its success (Kotler, Wong, Saunders and Armstrong, 2005). Brazil confectionery industry is competitive due to many multinational firms that launch and offer varieties of brands to consumers. In this respect, Rose Chocolatier cannot change its brand, but rather concentrates on delivering quality services in Brazil. This is because changes at the initial stage before studying consumers’ reactions to new brands may not favour it. Consequently, Rose Chocolatier can distinguish itself through delivering quality services and products. Rose Chocolatier must also work towards enriching its online sales systems for capturing the growing market segments that prefer online purchases and payments. Rose Chocolatier must choose its retail outlets in Brazil carefully. It must choose place where its products will appeal to the target consumer segments in high-end, middle-class and lower class consumers (Solomon, 2006). Choosing appropriate retail outlets will ensure that the company’s products reach all segments of the targeted consumers. This strategy allows every segment of the market to feel the presence of Rose Chocolatier in Brazil. Ease of access will create demands in competitive confectionery markets of Brazil. The company has learnt the importance of place and product in Australia. Thus, it must adjust its strategy to fit an emerging economy. Presence of products means ease access to consumers. However, product and its availability must promote Rose Chocolatier international marketing objectives in terms of brand, image, and di stribution. Place strategy must ensure that the approach attract busy consumers, high-end consumer, children and other segment that will result into market share increment. When deciding a place and product strategy, Rose Chocolatier must consider products’ image and prices, and how customer will perceive its products in the chosen locations. Rose Chocolatier has to review Brazil consumer orientations, market changes and competition activities. This implies that the choice of outlets for its products must counteract competitors’ strategies. Outlets should also appeal to consumers and foreign employees alike. Consumers perceive retail outlets different based on factors that influence their purchasing decisions (Solomon, 2006). Pricing Strategy Rose Chocolatier marketing mix strategy should take into account all other marketing mix when deciding on prices. This is because the competitive confectionery industry of Brazil does not favour have any strategy that does not tak e into account products pricing. Likewise, pricing strategies must also consider costs that the company will incur in cases of deliveries and making calls for confirming clients’ orders and satisfaction. Usually, such arrangements have consequences on the price, promotion and products distribution and availability. It is the pricing strategy that must determine all other aspects of the marketing mix. Rose Chocolatier must continue providing competitive prices with competitive products just like in Australia. Thus, marketing mix tends to favour pricing as the determining factor. However, in setting pricing strategy, Rose Chocolatier must remember that pricing alone is not a determining factor for sales volumes and market share. Instead, there are other factors that consumers take into account before making purchases, such as products tastes, quality, and packaging among others (Brassington, and Pettitt, 2005). Rose Chocolatier cannot put its prices higher than those of Austral ia because Brazil is an emerging market consisting mainly of middle-class who still mind their spending habits and may stick to the budget; thus, will tend to avoid expensive luxuries. Rose Chocolatier is selling to all consumers in Australia. The company may target the same segments in Brazil or launch some high-end products for high-end consumers. In this regard, it cannot fail in determining appropriate pricing strategy for emerging economy with a lot fluctuation witnessed during recession. Pricing strategy will appeal to different customers, particularly where the company targets middle-class consumer. Every consumer would like to experience some after-purchase satisfaction with the product. Pricing strategy must also consider other multinational giants like Kraft Foods and Cadbury Adams, and other competitors. Brazil confectionery market is among the competitive in the region. Rose Chocolatier must know that it will not be the only company offering unique products to consumers. Pricing strategy must work for the company in capturing market shares, increasing sales volumes, defeating competitors and appealing to all segments of consumers. Thus, it is a decision the company must implement with utmost care. Rose Chocolatier must also recognise that some consumers are sensitive to high prices and are not likely to purchase their high-end products. This is mainly the lower class. Still, the company must provide varieties for this consumer segment by offering low cost chocolate products and other low cost confectionery items. As most authors put it, it is the pricing strategy that determines all the other Ps of the company marketing mix approaches (Solomon, Marshall and Stuart, 2009). Promotion Strategy The company must include promotional strategy for capturing the market attention in a competitive chocolate industry of Brazil. Rose Chocolatier will depend on promotional strategies for creating its brand images and enhancing awareness about its presence in B razil confectionery market. It must evaluate promotional media available in Brazil that can assist it reach its target market. In this respect, the company must evaluate how it will reach all segments of consumers using the available tools of communications. Messages must also reflect diverse cultural and socioeconomic statuses of different consumers. The company has many options for promoting its brand. These include its Website, advertising, media channels, direct marketing, and engaging in corporate social responsibilities through sponsoring of events (Berry and Wilson, 2001). However, in doing all these, it must consider the available resources for marketing communications for establishing the brand. This may take up to three years. Thus, the parent company must support its operations in Brazil. Rose Chocolatier should engage new social media platform in attracting young consumers. Any communication approach should appeal to the target audience and markets. The communication app roach must bring customers and result into purchases. However, it must improve in cases where its messages do not appeal to target audience. Marketing mix is only effective if it results into increased sales and growth in market shares. There are different marketing communication channels. Rose Chocolatier must ensure that the team implement them in an appropriate manner to reflect what the company stands for in a new market. Thus, there should be no cases of conflicting information, messages, miscommunication, and cultural misrepresentation (Adcock and Halborg, 2004). Marketing Mix adjustment strategies Rose Chocolatier must adjust its marketing mix to fit Brazil chocolate market. These are price, product, and promotion. We note the pricing influence on all other elements of the marketing mix (Palmer, 2004). Thus, Rose Chocolatier can only use price strategy in achieving its marketing objectives. For example, the chocolate industry in Brazil is experiencing price competitions and d iscounts offers on Easter periods. This may aim at attracting a large number of consumers who give gifts during these periods. Rose Chocolatier should align its pricing with packaging, outlet locations, and promotion decisions so as to realise the value in the target market. The competitive confectionery industry will force the company to focus on pricing, promotion and distribution of its chocolate products, particularly during hot weather. Rose Chocolatier decision to use online channels for retailing chocolate means it must recovery such investments. This enables it to cater for online customers. Rose Chocolatier marketing mix will adjust to include all marketing mix when deciding prices. The company cannot use a non-price approach in a new market. Products ingredients, whether imported or local, will also affect the price and availability of products. If the company uses local Brazilian sugar and milk, then its prices should reflect such cases. However, if the company depends on products from Australia, then prices will be slightly higher to reflect importation costs. However, product quality, packaging and availability can only improve for convenience of consumers. Conclusions Recommendations International marketing is increasingly becoming popular among firms. Consequently, they extended their activities outside their home markets. Rose Chocolatier must deal with concerns of marketing entry strategy, improve, or adapt its marketing mix for Brazil market. This must be a crucial decision for the company. The company’s marketing approaches must aim at satisfying the needs of consumers in Brazil market. The emerging market of Brazil still has a lot of gaps that the company can fill; thus Rose Chocolatier must offer products and services that are attractive and competitive than other competitors’ products and services. In this case, marketing mix is the alternative for overcoming such concerns. It must also ensure that its marketing mix strateg ies reflect well its strategic vision of international marketing. It must improve the achievement of both short-term and long-term goals and help drive Rose Chocolatier into the preffered future growth in the global (Johansson, 2009). However, international marketing is a risky business because of different factors like rates, barriers of trade, protectionist tariffs, and different consumer cultures. These are some of the challenges Rose Chocolatier can meet in Brazil confectionery market. Mixture of gains and risks means a planned approach to decision-making concerning global marketing. Rose Chocolatier group should incorporate the global market environment into their strategies. It should assess Brazil chocolate market, consumers’ cultures and consumers’ behaviours, then decide to conduct the business with regard to possible risks and benefits. Reference List Adcock, D and Halborg, A 2004, Marketing Principles and Practice, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, London. Berry, T an d Wilson, D 2001, On Target: The Book on Marketing Plans, Palo Alto Software Inc, Eugene, OR. Brassington, F and Pettitt, S 2005, Essentials of Marketing, Pearson Education Limited, Essex. Johansson, J 2009, Global Marketing: Foreign Entry, Local Marketing, Global Management, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York. Kotler, P, Wong, V, Saunders, J and Armstrong, G 2005, Principles of Marketing, 4th ed, Pearson Education Limited, Essex. Palmer, A 2004, Introduction to Marketing, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Redruello, F 2011, Economic growth boosts confectionery in Brazil, , https://blog.euromonitor.com/economic-growth-boosts-confectionery-in-brazil/ Rose Chocolatier 2012, http://rosechocolatier.com/ Solomon, M. (2006). Consumer Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Europe. Solomon, M., Marshall, G., and Stuart E. (2009). Marketing: Real People, Real Decisions, 1st European Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Ltd. 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Self Essay Example

Self Essay Example Self Essay Self Essay My name is Kellee Layne Benjamin, and I will be twenty-three years old on February 4th, 2010. I was born and raised as a mid-western in Columbus, Ohio. I grew up with a large family of all sisters, half sisters, step sisters and one brother totaling eleven children. I was one of the younger, but considered to be the middle because of the age ranges between all of us. I grew up with seven siblings including myself, and the other four siblings were grown and had kids already. I lived in a small suburb of Columbus called Westerville.Westerville is a place where everyone knows everyone, even though they had four major high schools within this small town. Westerville is a very friendly place, where not a lot of crimes were committed. Westerville was â€Å"dry† my whole life growing up, but has recently changed so that they sell alcohol in certain markets around town. Because I grew up with such a large family in such a small town, at the age of seventeen, I was ready for a big chan ge! I had been dating my boyfriend for a year now, already graduated from High School, and wanted to move anywhere outside of Ohio.I made a set plan to move out of state but wasn’t sure where I wanted to go just yet. I started working full time as a manager for a dry cleaners for about a year. I saved up as much money as I could by living rent free with my parents. We both made the decision together to go to California, but where in California would we re-locate to? Many people brought up San Diego and told us how great of a place it is to visit, so we targeted San Diego and left town about five years ago and drove cross country.When I got to San Diego after a long five day drive, I instantly fell in love with the city! I began going to Mesa College about 2 in a half years ago, when I decided I wanted to have an education that would back up any career I choose. I have changed my major probably a handful of times, and have finally decided that I am going to major in Nutrition and Fitness. I love working out and thought to myself â€Å"Well if this is something you love to do, why not do something you love and get paid for it all at the same time? I am currently studying one class that is going to count towards my major and I absolutely love the class. It is PE 242, Sports Injury Prevention and Management. I am excited to continue my journey through this major and learn more about my upcoming profession! This will be my second time taking English 101, not that I failed it once before, but because I had a horrible experience with my last professor. He laughed in my face in front of the whole class about a paper I had worked so very hard on writing.I hope that taking an online course will help me build my confidence with my writing and comprehension of my readings, because I will be able to communicate better through chatting and emails, rather than doing so in person. I tend to be more shy, and not ask as many questions as I should, or express myself how I should because I am embarrassed or shy. This is also my first online class I have ever taken, so I hope this course continues on a positive note so that I can take more online classes in the futur

Motivation as central to successful management Essay

Motivation as central to successful management - Essay Example Logically then, when utilizing qualitative methods, a hypothesis is not required prior to the data gathering phase as the researcher reaches their conclusions as the data is being collected. Quantitative research, on the other hand, is more involved with the gathering of empirical data, numbers and statistics. As quantitative analysis is more concrete in nature, as it deals with figures as opposed to words which can be interpreted, quantitative analysis is perceived to be more logical in nature. Also, when using this method, the researcher is generally categorized as an impartial observer as opposed to an active participant. Logically, with quantitative research the basic premise of the research needs to be defined prior to the data collection. Therefore, a hypothesis needs to be established prior to the commencement of data collection ("The qualitative", 2006). Due to the empirical foundations of quantitative research many people feel that it is more scientific in nature and therefore 'better'; however, this is not necessarily true. The main determinant in arriving upon a research methodology is the type of data collection method that best achieves the goals of the researcher. Each type has an appropriate use and more frequently researchers are combining the two techniques in order to gain better insight into the research topic. For the purpose of this research undertaking, however, it was determined that a qualitative approach better suited the aims and objectives to be achieved, in order to determine if motivation is central to successful management Types of Qualitative Research Methods Upon determining that qualitative research was the preferred method of research, the author needed to research the several methodologies available and select the one best suited to enable the author to research and analyse the effect of motivation on successful management. In the following paragraphs the various types of qualitative research methods evaluated and the strengths and weaknesses of each are presented and discussed. Secondary Research/Desk Research Secondary research is designed to provide the evaluation of experts which has been reviewed by other experts (Haley, 2003). This type of research, sometimes referred to as desk research, involves "systematically and objectively locating, evaluating, and synthesizing evidence in order to establish facts and draw conclusions concerning a set of events. Rather than collecting data, secondary data is used, that is, documents that are already in existence, published and unpublished" (Britton, 1996, p. 1). The use of secondary research allows for the analysis of a broad range of topics that can be thoroughly investigated and has proven to be credible. In addition, there are time limitations that may inhibit the ability of the researcher to conduct primary research and secondary research allows for analysis of a great amount of data in minimal time. According to Haley (2003) many researchers have opted to conduct secondary research as opposed to primary research. Procter (1993) asserts that "more generally, limited opportunities for conducting primary research

Behavioural Intervention Grading Scheme Case Study

Behavioural Intervention Grading Scheme - Case Study Example Alyssa will get a chance to showcase her potential and overcome the obstacle of Autism to thrive in the world of education just like her peers and mentors. Alyssa’s problem behaviour of punching and scratching her legs and arms when upset has led to her being moved away from her peers and other care givers. This has led to her being examined by her physician, Dr. Taylor who has recommended a rationale and monitoring her behaviour since she does not have any history. The Joint attention process is one of the underpinning skills of communal behaviour. A joint attention is a communal contact between a child and another whereby they carve up attention on a familiar subject matter or purpose. Joint attention develops by whats more responding to one’s awareness directive or developing joint attention with an extra person. The major rationale of the Joint attention program is the â€Å"application of an objective as the way for obtaining a grown-ups attention†. The involved child (in our case Alyssa) develops a significant social contact with the adult care givers by directing their gazes at the mutual objective or coming to terms with the adults’ satisfaction of the objective by smiling and responding properly. Imitation is the foundation for gaining a new-fangled skill set. A child suffering from autism will observe a skill and emulate the behaviour in anticipation of competently learning and generalizing the new skill into all domains. Alyssa will definitely benefit from taking part in such a task since she will feel accommodated and gain the confidence of her peers and care givers. Social play manners is a multifaceted set of inherent behaviours used to pilot peer play. Restricted ability to act in response to joint attention bids, kick off social interaction and emulate social behaviour diminish social play

Compulsive Gambling a Lifetime Long Problem Essay

Compulsive Gambling a Lifetime Long Problem - Essay Example While gambling can be a harmless activity for many people, for others it can be a dangerous activity that has the potential to destroy their lives. Compulsive gambling can lead to many problems for the participants and their families, often leading to high levels of stress, the loss of finances and criminal activity. For pathological gamblers, the relaxing activity of gambling has progressed into a more serious and dangerous pastime. People in this position generally lack the ability to control their gambling habits. They are not able to stop gambling, even if they do not have the finances to support their bets. This is the most severe form of gambling and is considered to be a mental disorder. Current estimates place pathological gambling as being five percent of the gambling population .The terms compulsive and problem gambling are also used, often interchangeably, although sometimes problem gambling is also used to refer to other gambling problems that do not fall under the defini tion of pathological .Gambling is traditionally considered an addition, even though it does not have any of the obvious physical signs that most addictions share. Because of this, it is easier for people to hide their addiction, and this makes intervention difficult . There are many different causes of gambling and research has yet to fully determine how these interact with one another. One study examined three characteristics of individuals that could potentially have an effect on likelihood of gambling, these were personality, perceived luck and attitude towards gambling. The authors found that personality traits had a significant influence on the development of problem gambling. These traits included emotional stability, reasoning, openness to change and social boldness although there were many others . Research suggests that the more gambling activities that a person is involved in, such as slots, card gambling and betting on racetracks, the greater change they have of being inv olved in problem gambling . Research has shown a significant link between gambling and crime. Many problem gamblers lose large amounts of money in their bets, and may turn to crime to try and pay their debts, to maintain the appearance of normality or to continue gambling. However, the direction of this interaction is not clear. Gamblers may be more likely to become criminals, or being criminals may make one more likely to gamble . Law has moved away from banning gambling and towards finding methods of regulating it. This includes giving local authorities the ability to act if a location breaches gambling laws. Authorities have the ability to inspect gambling locations, to review licenses and to enforce conditions . This means that the number of locations that gambling can occur is limited, and prevents a boom of gambling and associated gambling problems. This is particularly important, as research has shown that many aspects of gambling venues themselves are able to facilitate gamb ling and increase the frequency at which it occurs. A study on gambling accessibility showed that two factors were significant drivers of people choosing a particular location to gamble. The first of these was social accessibility, which related to how socially enjoyable the gambling location was. This included the atmosphere as well as the entertainment options that were present at the venue. The second aspect was

The Pump Condition Monitoring Engineering Essay

The Pump Condition Monitoring Engineering Essay To avoid unplanned downtime, realize energy savings or other considerations, pump users require a method or tool to determine the appropriate time for overhaul of a pump. This method or tool is used by engineers in managing assets to provide capacity for production and energy efficiency to save operating expenses or even to minimize greenhouse impact.   This optimization method can be applied to all items where deterioration results in equipment breakdowns or loss of efficiency. Pumps like any rotating machine tend to rotate in response to excitation forces like residual rotor unbalance, turbulence in liquid flow, pressure pulses, cavitations and wear of pump. If vibration frequencies and natural frequencies match, resonance occurs, amplifying the vibrations. This is a sufficient cause to damage pump components Why Pump Condition Monitoring is important: (Source http://www.pumpmonitor.com) Pumps are used at about 20% of the worlds most electrical power generating companies. about 7% of the worlds green houses gas productions. power and preservation usually covers more than 50% of Life sequence expenses. Statistics show that 20% or more of the energy devoted by pumping systems could be saved throughout equipment and control alters. Pumps are frequently considered critical mechanism of a process. Plant reliability is best possible when they are maintained on a regular basis or nonstop state monitoring. Performance based maintenance costs are considerably lesser than a schedule based costs. Hence it becomes very important to Condition Monitor the pumps. Chapter -2: Aim Objectives The object of this research study is to critically study Condition Monitoring of both, Centrifugal and axial pumps. That will include most important aspects like: Condition Monitoring and its Part in Maintenance Pump Performance and the Effect of Wear Performance Analysis and Testing of Pumps for Condition Monitoring Performance Analysis and its Application to Optimise Time for Overhaul Other Methods of Performance Analysis for Pump Condition Monitoring Vibration Analysis of Pumps Other Uses of Condition Monitoring Other Condition Monitoring Methods Positive Displacement Pumps Case Studies Chapter -3: Project plan Attached with this report Chapter -4: Introduction About Pumps Pumps are used to add energy to fluids. Generally it is done by using a rotating blade to force a fluid in a given direction. Classification of pumps: PUMPS Centrifugal Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps Radial Flow Pumps Axial Flow Pumps Reciprocating Pumps Rotary Pumps Gear Pumps Piston Pumps Progressive Cavity Pumps Plunger Pumps Screw Pumps Diaphragm Pumps Lobe Pumps [Figure-1: Different types of Pumps] a) Positive Displacement pumps: A positive displacement pump, as the name suggests, pushes a fluid by containing a fixed amount of it and then displacing the entire contained volume into the pipe. Positive displacement pumps produce a constant flow at any given speed and hence are called Constant Flow Machines. These are used for pumping fluids other than water. Following types of mechanism are used to displace the fluid: a1) Reciprocating Type: Reciprocating pumps are plunger pumps or diaphragm pumps. Diaphragm  valves. Recently used for slurries treatment in plants, and are used to force dangerous, toxic materials. a2) Rotary Type: These pumps use rotation principle. These are mostly used in, oil burners, soaps, cosmetics, sugars, syrup, and molasses, as well in dyes, ink, bleaches, vegetable and mineral oils. Gear pump: Two gears rotates in a closely fitted casing. A common application of the gear pump is the engine oil pump in car engines. 3655-004-DFDC07E0 [Figure-2: Gear Pump] Progressing cavity type pump: These are applied for pumping sewage sludge contaminated with large particles. Helical shaped rotor is used. [Figure-3: Progressive Cavity Pump], (Image Source: http://www.highflowpumps.com/) Lobe Pumps: Fluid is passed between the rotors teeth and the volute chamber. lobethe [Figure-4: Lobe Pump] Screw Pumps: Screw pump transmits fluid into the spaces between the screw gears. screw23muthÄ ±s [Figure-5: Screw Pump] b) Centrifugal pump: They are widely used in general piping systems. These are used for pumping water in industry and constitute 75% of pumps installed b1) Radial Flow Pump In a Radial Flow pump, fluid is discharged in a direction perpendicular to the direction of intake or suction. The fluid flowing into the pump first makes contact with a spinning impeller. This deflects the fluid away from it. The fluid is pushed out through a circular casing around the impeller. In this case fluid pressure increased not the speed. Fluid is sucked into the pump along the axis of rotation of the impeller. It is accelerated in a perpendicular direction into a diffuser chamber. From here it is discharged into the outlet pipe. Centrifugal pumps are applied where there is small head and large discharge is required. These have high hydraulic efficiency. These are used in waste treatment plants. Screw type centrifugal pumps are very effective in sludge handling , comprising of fibrous elements and for handling sludge with up to 10% dry matter . centrifugalpumps11 [Figure-6: Centrifugal Pump] (Image source : http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/image/centrifugal-pump.jpg) b2) Axial flow pumps: In an axial pump, the discharge and suction are both in the same direction. Flow is along the axis of the blade. Axial pumps are used to increase of speed of fluid flow without increase of pressure. They have high flow rates and can operate at very low pressure. QZ-Axial-Flow-Pump [Figure-7:Axial Flow Pump] http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00vBjTwGKSSIbeM/QZ-Axial-Flow-Pump.jpg Chapter -5: Maintenance and Condition Monitoring: About Maintenance: The intention of performing maintenance is to provide optimum capacity of production at the lower cost. Maintenance should be preferred for reliability and not as repair. There are 4 Types of Maintenance, which are given below: (a) Preventive Maintenance: This type of maintenance prevents failure from occurring. It comprises of scheduled periodic maintenance checks. Such maintenance prevents breakdowns and ensures delay free functioning. The advantages of preventive maintenance include: Enhanced systems dependability. reduces cost of substitute. cuts system downtime. Better standby account management. (b) Corrective Maintenance: Maintenance performed to correct an error after a failure has occurred is corrective maintenance. The failed component may require restoration , repair or replacement. (c) Breakdown Maintenance: If a machine breaks down or malfunctions , breakdown maintenance is performed to return it to normal functioning. This is done by replacing or repairing parts. (d) Predictive Maintenance: This type of maintenance consists of methods of observing the condition of in service machines and thus predicting when maintenance is required to be performed. This method reduces costs as compared to preventive maintenance as tasks are only performed when necessary. Condition monitoring is a type of predictive maintenance. It involves prediction of condition of a machine by on monitoring its performance, statistical process control or equipment behaviour to detect defects at an early stage and rectify them, which could otherwise result in delays leading to unnecessary expenditure. Maintenance is performed while the machine/ equipment is in operating regularly , with little or no interruption in its functioning. The methods for detection of errors include infrared thermographs, circuit analysis, analysis of vibrations etc. Predictive Maintenance or Condition monitoring a smart way to reduce downtime and reduce cost. The fundamental purpose of maintenance is to contribute for profit objectives, by maximizing the production and safety of people and plant. This report will explore how maintenance should be used as a tool to keep pumps working to its optimum level. Condition based maintenance: Definition of Condition Monitoring: Condition monitoring is part of maintenance, not something done by experts from outside (Beebe, 2001) Signs of degradation are detected in operational equipment by monitoring the equipment through continuous inspection. Data collected is analysed , and a prediction is made for the duration in which a machine can run safely without failure. Condition Monitoring is the art of monitoring of the equipments health by taking simple measurements of the machine performance. It works the same as a Doctor checks (measure) the health by checking pulse, temperature, blood pressure etc of a person. If we measure the current draw and the outlet flow of a pump and find out that that the current draw was increasing while the outlet flow was decreasing, as compared to the previous months measurements, there are very good chances that the condition is deteriorating and that some maintenance was due for the pump, The scheduling of the monitoring is decided by the size of plan, ease of data collection etc. This may be done everyday, once a month or on an annual basis. Advanced technology may be used for condition monitoring. It may not be limited to Vibration sensors Infrared Thermographs Oil sensors Ultrasonic equipment Motor Current Analysis Pump life cycle costs Pump life cycle cost is defined as the sum of the commissioning cost, maintenance cost, running cost and decommissioning cost for the period of a pumps service life. Complete understanding of the pumps lifecycle cost helps us to radically reduce the energy consumed , thus greatly reducing the pumps environmental impact PLCC = Cin + Cins + Cpo + Cop + Cm + Cd + Cen + Cdc PLCC = life cycle cost Cin = initial costs, purchase price (pump, system, pipe, other services) Cins = installation and commissioning cost (including training) Cpo = power consumed costs Cop = operation costs Cm = maintenance and repair costs (routine and predicted repairs) Cd = delay costs (loss of production). Cen = environmental costs (contamination from pumped liquid ) Cdc = decommissioning (counting renovation of the home Environment) Maintenance Cost of a Pump in its Life Cycle: [Figure-8: Maintenance Cost] (Image Source: http://www.waterworld.com) The costs for maintenance are dependent on the actual equipment involved , records can be consulted to make cost estimates. The annual cost has to include the following: Value of spare parts used. Charge for any third party work. plant employment. workplace charges. Normally Maintenance cost of a Pump within its life cycle is estimated 20%. Pump selection reliability factors Reliability of machines, has been increasingly debated in recent years . Low reliability of commonly used centrifugal pumps has been a focal point of this debate. Pump selection is very important its reliability. But it is not the only factor for reliable pump operation. Other critical installation parameters are also important. The main factor for enhanced reliability is selecting the right pump. Pump Selection The first step in pump selection is deciding the pump parameters. The head and capacity required have to be calculated. There are three major conditions related to reliability which affect selection; operating speed (FR), impeller diameter (FD) and flow rate (FQ). Operating Speed RPM (FR) Wear based on operating speed caused due to friction in rubbing contact surfaces like mechanical seals and shaft seals affects the reliability. Life of bearings and heat generated in bearings is another cause for lack of reliability. For all the above mentioned conditions wear has a linear relationship with the operating speed of the pump. Impeller Diameter (FD) The impeller exerts a significant load on the shaft and bearings . This directly affects the reliability of the pump. Two types of loads are produced; one is due to the non uniform pressure distribution in the casing, the second is due to the interaction between the blades of the impeller and the discharge. This second effect is extremely hazardous as it forces the seal faces to move away from each other repeatedly during each revolution. The intensity of this movement may be greater than steady deflection. There is a cubic proportionality between these loads and the impeller diameter. Flow Rate (FQ) The flow rate of a centrifugal pump is the best efficiency point or BEP. Pumps are designed in such a way that they are most reliable only at a given flow rate for a specific operating speed and impeller diameter. The loads exerted on impeller at this flow rate are minimised. If the flow rate is more or less than the BEP than the load intensity increases and there is turbulence in the rotation of the impeller. Such unpredictable loads share the same effects on reliability as the impeller/discharge loads discussed above. Pumps are examined to check the ability to withstand the effects of these impacts. The main parameters of the tests are: R.P.M. Impeller dimensions. Flow velocity. Pump shaft to motor alignment. N.P.S.H. Margin. Reliability Index (RI) The Reliability directory is shaped as a product of three factors: RI = FR x FD x FQ Values vary from zero to one; the higher the value the better the dependability is. Techniques of Condition Monitoring Vibration Monitoring Analysis: is commonly used as a Monitoring analysis. It helps to determine the structural stability in a system. It is best suitable for rotating machines like pumps. Vibration measuring instruments are used for measurement. The frequency of the vibrations are mapped. If a defect is present a particular frequency will be detected. Analysis made previously on existing equipment can be compared to analysis on new equipment. This data will give the condition of the equipment. vibration [Figure-9:Vibration Chart] (Source: http://www.pemms.co.uk/Condition_Monitoring.html) Visual Inspection: Devices like mirrors, TV Camers are used for Visual inspection. Visual inspection in its most basic form may also be done by experienced inspectors and maintenance technicians. Causes of failure like cracks, leaks and corrosion can be detected and prevented. This is the cheapest form of condition monitoring. It also adds a sense of attachment between the equipment and the people who work on it. Only visual inspection technique is not enough. It should be augmented by other techniques. Performance Monitoring and Analysis: Analysis is done on usage of energy, as more energy usage means deteriorating condition of the machine. Performace can bne measured with parameters like Pressure, flow rate or temperature etc. Analysis of wear particles in lubricants or contamination of process fluid: This process gives advance warning than many other predictive maintenance methods. oilanalysis [Figure-10: Contamination of Process Fluid] (Source: http://www.pemms.co.uk/Condition_Monitoring.html) Spectrographic oil analysis may be used to test the chemical composition of the oil. Chemical analysis of oil is carried out for appearance, density, viscosity, moisture content, mechanical impurities. High silicon content points to a presence of contamination of grit.. etc, and high iron levels indicate to tiring components. Independently, elements give reasonable indications, but when used together they can accurately determine the failure modes, e.g. for internal combustion engines, the presence of iron/alloy, and carbon would indicate damaged piston rings. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_monitoring) Ferrous and non ferrous particles in the lubricant may be detected by wear debris detection sensors which can give a warning if the condition of the equipment deteriorates. This system prevents failure in machines like gearboxes , turbines, pumps etc. Ultrasonic Analysis: Time and frequency data from ultrasonic tests can reveal a lot on the health of a machine. Portable ultrasonic testing equipment is now a common tool for noticing leaks, testing steam traps, finding cavitations, bearing condition testing and toughness testing. What are Ultrasound Signals? Ultrasound refers to noise of frequency beyond the range of the human ear. For detecting airborne leaks, the frequency at which the most sound is produced by an unstable leak is 38.4 kHz. There are instruments, which listens to this frequency to detect leaks. Electronics processing is required to make ultrasound audible. This is done filtering of frequencies. Why Record Ultrasound Signals? Judgment, Trending, verification of analysis. Guidance of Maintenance observers. Examination of low speed bearings. Investigation of electrical defects. Inspecting of steam traps. Analysis of reciprocating compressors. How to Record Ultrasound Signals? Regulates rise of detector. Corrects level of recording device. Spins Auto Gain Control . Records the signal and transfer to PC. Opens signals in computer for laboratory analysis. The classic time signal for a bearing defect gives a goldfish envelope like this:. (Thomas J. Murphy) ultrasound_analysis_07 [Figure-11:Ultra sound signals] Infrared Thermography Temperature is the best indicator of the state of a machine. One can check the temperature of any surface and determine the condition of a machine.. Infrared Thermography is an inspection technique which gives accurate, reliable and correct temperature outline of any material exterior without getting in touch with the surface. The essential perceptive of thermography is that every object produces certain amount of Infrared energy and the intensity of this radiation is a task of temperature, hence by measuring infrared radiation, temperature of surface can be calculated. (Garnaik) Infrared thermography is a fast and secure way of detecting imperfections in different conditions. Infrared cameras can be used to detect increases in temperature that indicate latent problems. These may increase the temperature of electrical contacts or insulators. IR thermography can easily be carried out during normal operation of equipment as it is non contact. This reduces downtime. Advantages Disadvantages of IR Thermography Following are advantages and disadvantages of this technique. Advantages : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is a non-contact type technique, and modern Infrared camera can be used . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is Fast, reliable accurate output. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time required to measure large surface area is very less. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The output can be presented in visual digital form. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Since the output can be presented in visual form, there is little skill required for monitoring. Disadvantages : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Instrument cost is very high. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ This technique is used to work out the temperature of surface. It is unable to detect the inside temperature Noise monitoring Noise level are taken every month at designated locations. Steps for implementation of Condition Monitoring Technique for Pumps Selection of equipment Selection of parameters / probe Selection of monitoring frequency Preparation of schedule Preparation of database. Actual monitoring and analysis Selection of monitoring frequency Daily (for critical equipments) Fortnightly (for sub critical equipments).) [Figure-12: Condition Monitoring Steps] Benefits of Condition monitoring Condition monitoring has become a proven method and has become essential part of industries as companies has proven its cost benefits. Condition monitoring gives early detection of wear out/damage. Condition Monitoring people tour the plant and picks up developing faults Deterioration is detected in time and repairs are scheduled. It minimises unnecessary shutdown and opening up of plant Cost of labour, material and loss of production is saved More satisfying work of maintenance, less effect of errors because of direct feedback of quality work. Judicious use of Condition monitoring can yield 10 to 20 times the initial outlay within first year (IK Dept trade Industry report, maintenance to late 1990s) Condition monitoring reassurance of safe continued operation(and vary effective when nursing on plant to a suitable maintenance opportunity) Condition Monitoring saves cost reduce spare usage and lower insurance. Cost Savings from Condition Monitoring A Quick cost saving estimate is made to calculate the cost saving easily. Quick cost saving estimate at each inspection saves delays. For example, a coupling is found broken and approximate to cause about 2 hours of delay leads to an unplanned maintenance job. The calculation: Cost A: If the coupling broke down without warning: Delay * Cost of Delay/hr + Direct maintenance cost (unplanned Unscheduled) + Potential damages Cost B: Maintenance during scheduled shutdown. Actual cost of maintenance: Delay (if any should be fixed in scheduled shutdown) * Cost of Delay/hr + direct maintenance cost (planned scheduled) + Damages(= 0) . A- B = Cost saving, which may be as high as thousands of Dollars Following is a Case study of Qatar Petroleum, which shows a huge saving of costs because of Condition Monitoring: Case Study: 141. K0302 FLUE GAS FAN Current Drawn before balancing the Fan: 83 Ampere Current drawn post balancing the fan : 76 Ampere Net Current reduction: 7 Amps (Hourly Average) Power Saving = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡3 x V x I x Cos  ¢ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡3 x 11 x 7 x 0.85 KWh Annual Cost Savings = 113.3X0.081X24X365 (Power Cost = 0.081QR/Kwh) = 80393 QR/Year Last Six Months Predicted Failures at Qatar Petroleum Standards used for condition monitoring (Source: http://www.iso.org) ISO 13381-1:2004 provides guidance. The basic purpose is to: Let the clients, manufacturers of condition monitoring and diagnostics systems to share general thoughts in the fields of machinery error analysis. Allow users to determine the essential information, characteristics and behaviour necessary for accurate estimate. Outlines an appropriate approach to predict development. Introduces predictions concepts in order to ease the development of future systems and training. ISO 18436-6:2008: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Prognostics Part 1: General guidelines ISO 18436-6:2008 states the needs for qualification and evaluation of personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics using acoustic production. A certificate or declaration of conformity to ISO 18436-6:2008 will provide credit of the qualifications and ability of individuals to perform acoustic production measurements and analysis machinery condition monitoring using acoustic emission equipment. This procedure may not apply to particular equipment or other explicit situations. ISO 18436-6:2008 specifies a three class classification programme. ISO 18434-1:2008 provides an introduction to the application of infrared thermography (IRT) to machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics, where machinery includes machine auxiliaries such as valves, fluid and electrically powered machines, and machinery-related heat exchanger equipment. In addition, IR applications pertaining to machinery performance assessment are addressed. ISO 18434-1:2008: introduces the terminology of IRT as it pertains to state checking and diagnostics of machines; explains the types of IRT procedures and their qualities; provides leadership on establishing cruelty appraisal criteria for anomalies identified by IRT; outlines methods and requirements for carrying out IRT of machines, including safety suggestions; provides information on data understanding, and appraisal criteria and reporting requests; provides measures for determining and compensating for reflected obvious temperature, emissivity, and attenuating media. ISO 18434-1:2008 also includes testing procedures for determining and recompense a reflected obvious temperature, emissivity, and attenuating media when measuring the exterior temperature of an aim with a quantitative IRT camera. ISO 18436-3:2008: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel Part 3: Requirements for training bodies and the training process ISO 18436-3:2008 defines the requirements for operating training programmes for personnel who carry out machinery condition monitoring, recognize machine faults, and propose corrective action. Procedures for training of condition monitoring and diagnostic personnel are specified. ISO 18436-7:2008  : Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel Part 7: Thermography ISO 18436-7:2008 specifies the requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel who perform machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics using infrared thermography. An official document or declaration of conventionality to ISO 18436-7:2008 will provide recognition of the qualifications and competence of individuals to do thermal measurements and investigate machinery condition monitoring using moveable thermal imaging equipment. This procedure may not apply to particular equipment or other precise situations. ISO 18436-7:2008 specifies a three category classification programme. ISO 13373-1:2002  : Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Vibration condition monitoring Part 1: General procedures ISO 13373-2:2005  : Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines Vibration condition monitoring Part 2: Processing, analysis and presentation of vibration data ISO 13373-2:2005 recommends actions for dealing out and presenting vibration data and analysing vibration signatures for the reason of monitoring the vibration state of rotating machinery, and performing diagnostics as suitable. Different methods are described for different applications. Signal improvement techniques and analysis methods used for the investigation of exacting machine dynamic phenomena are included. Many of these techniques can be applied to other machine types, as well as reciprocating machines. Example formats for the parameters that are commonly plotted for valuation and diagnostic purposes are as well given. ISO 13373-2:2005 is divided basically into two essential approaches when analysing vibration signals; the time domain and the frequency domain. Some approaches to the modification of diagnostic results, by changing the operational circumstances, are also covered. Pump Performance and the Effect of Wear Pumps wear as they are used but their efficiency can be maintained by Condition monitoring and accordingly refurbishment: [Figure-13: Effect of wear on pump characteristics] Source: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/solarec/index.htm (European commission Joint Research Center) [Figure-14: Average wear trends for maintained and unmaintained pumps] Source: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/solarec/index.htm (European commission Joint Research Center) Effect of internal wear on pump performance The effect of Internal wear on pump is dependent on type of Pump . Slurry pumps are Designed to cope with erosive liquids. Total operating cost can be reduced by improving wear life. Wear is increased by High Velocity, large solid size and high concentration. Chapter -6: Performance Analysis and Testing of Pumps for Condition Monitoring The aims of testing a systems pump performance are to: Record system pumps performance. Verifying the impeller size at present installed in the pump. Launch the system curve for the pumping system. Establish the operating point of the pump; i.e. the point where the pumps impeller curve intersects the system curve with the discharge valve throttled and with the discharge valve fully open. Measures the match between full flow flow delivered by the pump with the discharge valve fully open and the real plan flow requirement. Considers the implications of throttled discharge valves and opportunities to open discharge valves and adjust pump performance by means of trimming the impeller, changing the motor to get an incremental motor/pump speed change or installing a VFD to change the motor/pump speed to a non-incremental value. The objective of all of these modification techniques is to provide design flow without the head forced by the throttled valve. As a consequence, the system will advantage from reduced pump energy use and operating costs. Considers the flow variations produced in the system as different active elements are repositioned by their control processes. becomes aware of and make a diagnosis of other control or performance problems. Performance analysis needs performing data Temperature Pressure Flow Speed Power Efficiency Calculation [Figure-15: Pumps in System and relationship to Condition Monitoring] Chapter -7: Performance Analysis and its Application to Optimize Time for Overhaul The head test at Duty Point Like it is known that condition monitoring is used as a tool for Predicting maintenance requirements of pumps. The Head Flow examination is the essential way can be used to inspect assumed poor performance. (http://www.engineeringnet.be) Head flow measurement is a useful type of condition monitoring because it checks pump deterioration and also shows flaws in system resistance.. (Heinz P. Bloch) It is easier to determine the head. alter in volume according to the time can be easily measured if an appropriate vessel i

Physics of Tennis Racquets :: physics sport sports tennis

Missing figures Tennis racquets with old type of strings did not allow power and control over the racquet at the same time. To get a powerful stroke player had to hit the ball with the area of racquet closer to the tip of the racquet (toe). To obtain control and to reduce vibration of the racquet, player had to hit the ball with the area of racquet called â€Å"sweet spot†, located around the geometric center of the head. NASA’s 1973 Skylab 3 mission showed that tapered strings can move the â€Å"sweet spot† from the center of the racquet toward the position of greater power. The NASA research on spider webs, which was meant to find the solution to reduce the vibration on space stations, unexpectedly benefited tennis. NASA’s Skylab, the first U.S. space station, in 1973 carried out the experiment with the space born spiders Anita and Arabella, to learn from spiders how to construct low vibration space stations. Soviet space station Mir had serious problems with vibration. Every use of exercise equipment caused the entire station to shake. Spiders are well known for making their nets capable to absorb the impact of their pray. According to the book â€Å"The Web of the Spider† by Laura Barr Lougee [3], spider webs are made in such a way to keep all tensions in balance. The NASA research showed that the change in diameter of strings changes the stability of a network. This property of strings was used to improve the performances of tennis racquets. It is hard to define â€Å"power† of racquet. According to [4] power could be defined as 1. racquet bounce (high coefficient of restitution) 2. high swing weight (high angular momentum) 3. low work (racquet which gives the greatest ball speed with a given player effort) The easiest way to understand power is the coefficient of restitution (COR). The maximum power occurs when the COR is the greatest. The coefficient of restitution is the ratio of the differences in velocities before and after the collision. COR is defined as difference in the velocities of the two colliding objects after the collision, divided by the difference in their velocities before the collision. COR = coefficient of restitution = linear velocity of the racquet mass center before impact = linear velocity of the ball before impact (will be negative according to our convention that away from the player is positive)

Ethics and Fears and Wonders of Human Cloning

What is a clone? According to the Encyclop?dia Britannica (1979), â€Å"a clone is a population of organisms derived originally from a single individual. By definition clones occur only in organisms capable of asexual reproduction and consist of genetically identical individuals†. There has been a successful recorded experiment which regard to cloning, although it was just an animal (a sheep to be more specific), there has been speculations that Human Cloning is not very far away.Before judging this issue, we should refrain having ignorant thoughts and try to study and understand the issue and detach ourselves from our emotions, religious dogmas and cultural habits/ or entrenched habits. We should see all the possible outcome of this, both positive and negative. Cloning is an issue that cannot be overlooked because everyone will be affected by the decision that would be put upon the issue, lives will either be saved and/or lost. In February 1997, Dolly the sheep, was successfu lly cloned from an adult sheep.After this experiment, some people were enthusiastic with this successful discovery, because it may be the key to unlocking the ‘untreatable diseases’ that we are currently facing today. It may give life and/or prolong life, it may be the only solution and the only hope for families that are experiencing a very difficult time in watching their loved ones suffer, and it may be the only guarantee that the human race will not die out in an incurable disease. The author has laid out cases that are suggesting that Human Cloning is needed; I think that some of the cases were purely for the good of the people/masses while some are extremely selfish.When I stated â€Å"good for the people/masses† I meant it in the terms of being egocentric. Being an egocentric, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary is â€Å"concerned with the individual rather than society†. Wanting Human Cloning for your own sake but at the same time others wo uld also benefit from it (without real intention) shows egocentrism. On the other hand, I also stated that its â€Å"selfish†. What is being selfish? According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary selfish is an â€Å"arising from concern with one's own welfare or advantage in disregard of others†.You are centered to yourself and you do not care about what might be the affect towards other people. Some people would want Human Cloning to be implemented so they could clone themselves. A question popped into my mind, can you guarantee that your clone would have the same character or behavior as you had? Like Nicholas Coote said â€Å"If I have a clone of me, I am still unique as any clone has a consciousness that is not mine† and Shannon Brownies said â€Å"You could clone one hundred Hitler embryos and not get a single Hitler because he was shaped by his environment†.I think that this is suggesting that even though you will clone yourselves it will be impossible fo r you to create the exact same person because your clone would have to raised / exposed in the same environment and society as you, your clone should experience all of the things that you have experienced to make sure that he will be the same way as you. On the side of being ethical, people do not want human cloning to be implemented because it would cause conflict between the usual or normal way of creating life. Other Ethical groups were also worried about how the status of the family would be if cloning would be implemented.Some even suggest that cloning may lead to more harm than good. I personally think that with what people are doing with these days, they will tend to abuse the powers of cloning. It has been a bad habit for people to misuse things that are provided to them. I believe that for cloning to be successful people must understand how it works first and that they should make sure that there would be no information that they will not share or tell the public. Some of m y opinion may be impossible but it is because I believe that cloning may be used for good only if we are provided with the right information.

The Story of the First Lawn Mower

The Story of the First Lawn Mower Formal lawns made of short, well-maintained grass first appeared in France around the 1700s, and the idea soon spread to England and the rest of the world. But the methods of maintaining lawns were labor-intensive, inefficient or inconsistent: Lawns were first kept clean and tidy by having animals graze on the grass, or by the use of scythe, sickle, or shears to hand-cut the grass lawns. That changed in the mid-19th century with the invention of the lawnmower.   Machine for Mowing Lawns The first patent for a mechanical lawn mower described as a Machine for mowing lawns, etc. was granted on August 31, 1830, to engineer, Edwin Beard Budding (1795-1846) from Stroud, Gloucestershire, England.  Buddings design was based on a cutting tool used for the uniform trimming of carpet. It was a reel-type mower that had a series of blades arranged around a cylinder. John Ferrabee, owner of Phoenix Foundry at Thrupp Mill, Stroud, first produced the Budding lawn mowers, which were sold to the Zoological Gardens in London (see illustration). In 1842,  Scotsman Alexander Shanks invented  a 27-inch pony drawn reel lawn mower. The first United States patent for a reel lawn mower was granted to Amariah Hills on January 12, 1868. Early lawn mowers were often designed to be horse-drawn, with the horses often wearing oversized leather booties to prevent lawn damage. In 1870, Elwood McGuire of Richmond, Indiana designed a very popular human pushed lawn mower; while it wasnt the first to be human-pushed, his design was very lightweight and became a commercial success. Steam-powered lawn mowers appeared in the 1890s. In 1902, Ransomes produced the first commercially available mower powered by an internal combustion gasoline engine. In the United States, gasoline powered lawn mowers were first manufactured in 1919 by Colonel Edwin George.   On May 9, 1899, John Albert Burr patented an improved rotary blade lawn mower. While marginal improvements have been made in mower technology (including the all-important riding mower), some municipalities and companies are bringing back the old ways by using grazing goats as a low-cost, low-emission mower alternative.

Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels Essays - Gullivers Travels

Jonathan Swifts Gulliver's Travels Essays - Gullivers Travels Jonathan Swifts Gulliver's Travels Subject: English Language: English Jonathan Swifts Gulliver's Travels Gulliver in Houynhnmland One of the most interesting questions about Gullivers Travels is whether the Houyhnhnms represent an ideal of rationality or whether on the other hand they are the butt of Swift's satire. In other words, in Book IV, is Swift poking fun at the talking horses or does he intend for us to take them seriously as the proper way to act? If we look closely at the way that the Houyhnhnms act, we can see that in fact Swift does not take them seriously: he uses them to show the dangers of pride. First we have to see that Swift does not even take Gullver seriously. For instance, his name sounds much like gullible, which suggests that he will believe anything. Also, when he first sees the Yahoos and they throw excrement on him, he responds by doing the same in return until they run away. He says, "I must needs discover some more rational being," (203) even though as a human he is already the most rational being there is. This is why Swift refers to Erasmus Darwins discovery of the origin of the species and the voyage of the Beagleto show how Gulliver knows that people are at the top of the food chain. But if Lemule Gulliver is satirized, so are the Houyhnhnms, whose voices sound like the call of castrati. They walk on two legs instead of four, and seem to be much like people. As Gulliver says, "It was with the utmost astonishment that I witnessed these creatures playing the flute and dancing a Vienese waltz. To my mind, they seemed like the greatest humans ever seen in court, even more dextrous than the Lord Edmund Burke" (162). As this quote demonstrates, Gulliver is terribly impressed, but his admiration for the Houyhnhnms is short-lived because they are so prideful. For instance, the leader of the Houyhnhnms claims that he has read all the works of Charles Dickens, and that he can singlehandedly recite the names of all the Kings and Queens of England up to George II. Swift subtly shows that this Houyhnhnms pride is misplaced when, in the middle of the intellectual competition, he forgets the name of Queen Elizabeths husband. Swifts satire of the Houyhnhnms comes out in other ways as well. One of the most memorable scenes is when the dapple grey mare attempts to woo the horse that Guenivre has brought with him to the island. First she acts flirtatiously, parading around the bewildered horse. But when this does not have the desired effect, she gets another idea: "As I watched in amazement from my perch in the top of a tree, the sorrel nag dashed off and returned with a yahoo on her back who was yet more monstrous than Mr. Pope being fitted by a clothier. She dropped this creature before my nag as if offering up a sacrifice. My horse sniffed the creature and turned away." (145) It might seem that we should take this scene seriously as a failed attempt at courtship, and that consequently we should see the grey mare as an unrequited lover. But it makes more sense if we see that Swift is being satiric here: it is the female Houyhnhnm who makes the move, which would not have happened in eighteenth-century England. The Houyhnhm is being prideful, and it is that pride that makes him unable to impress Gullivers horse. Gulliver imagines the horse saying, Sblood, the notion of creating the bare backed beast with an animal who had held Mr. Pope on her back makes me queezy (198). A final indication that the Houyhnmns are not meant to be taken seriously occurs when the leader of the Houynhms visits Lilliput, where he visits the French Royal Society. He goes into a room in which a scientist is trying to turn wine into water (itself a prideful act that refers to the marriage at Gallilee). The scientist has been working hard at the experiment for many years without success, when the Houyhnmn arrives and immediately knows that to do: "The creature no sooner stepped through the doorway than he struck upon a plan. Slurping up all the wine in sight, he quickly made water in a bucket that sat near the door" (156). He has accomplished the scientists goal, but the scientist is not happy, for his livelihood has now been destroyed. Swifts clear implication is that even though the Houyhnhmns are smart, they do not know how

Political science term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Political science - Term Paper Example 3.) The party system exacerbates, and further marginalizes the position of a historically disadvantage minority group like the African-American through the forwarding of the political agenda of the party. Counter Evidence 1.) There have been black American politicians who are members of political parties long before and they could have done something to help and present black Americans’/minorities’ interests in the legislative arena. Response: 1.) The minority is often excluded in terms of involvement in a great deal of substantive decision making. This aside from party leaders distancing themselves from any black leaders attempting to raise issues associated in subtle ways with African Americans such as contemporary welfare politics, crime, or social spending in inner cities. Name Professor Subject Date American Politics and the Marginalized Groups I. Introduction In today’s American society, politicians and their policies greatly affect the poor, or the margina lized group as evidenced by income and social inequality. The rich become richer and the poor become poorer with control over policy being forwarded and enacted by the leading political parties. In his book, Paul Frymer defined electoral capture as the result of party leaders’ resistance on mobilizing and incorporating blacks into the political system to the point of denying black Americans their democratic rights completely in their parties’ efforts to win elections (p. 6). It is my belief that Bartels’ position on representation and economic equality in the country is supported by Frymer’s position that â€Å"the most important single influence on the changing United States income distribution over the past half century is the contrasting policy choices (made by the elected) Democratic and Republican presidents† (p. 30). This paper presents and discusses Frymer’s theory regarding electoral capture and then presents and discusses Bartelsâ⠂¬â„¢ findings about economic inequality and representation. In the end, the paper will try to prove how Frymer’s theory explains and supports it. II. Frymer’s Electoral Capture and key empirical findings Frymer defines and explains his electoral capture theory, where black voters are often considered a minority and ignored that Democratic Party leaders refuse to acknowledge the numerical support cast by black voters. He observes that the party does not give due recognition to black votes even though their votes â€Å"have often been crucial in (winning) national elections† (p. 10). He added that â€Å"opposition party leaders have generally been reluctant to even make general political appeals to blacks† (p. 10) even when they have expressed interests in transferring membership to the opposition. Marginalization starts with party leaders. Frymer argued that for party leaders, there is a negative effect on appealing to black voters and that, â€Å"public appeals to black voters will result to national electoral defeats†. This for him is the primary reason for electoral capture, where marginalized groups become even more marginalized as their interests are not represented in the legislative arena. Frymer cited several examples in the country’s political campaign and election history to support his statements. One is the November 1992 elections, where the Democratic

IMPACT OF VIDEO GAMES ON STUDENT GPA and STUDY HABITS Research Paper

IMPACT OF VIDEO GAMES ON STUDENT GPA and STUDY HABITS - Research Paper Example According to Diamong and Sauer (2014) video games have no effect on GPAs. Specifically Math and Reading performance remain unaffected among adolescents. On their part, Mifsud, Vella and Camilleri (2013) cited mixed outcomes on learner literacy. Blumberg et al (2013) noted the lack of findings on the effects of violent video games on GPA prevents an informed position on the issue. In light of these balanced findings, common thing is that proper instruction could control any negative impacts of video games on GPA. Blumberg, F.C., Altschuler, E.A., Almonte, D.E., & Mileaf, M.I., (2013). The Impact of Recreational Video Game Play on Childrens and Adolescents Cognition. New Directions for Child & Adolescent Development, 2013(139), 41-50. Mifsud, C.L., Vella, R., & Camilleri, L., (2013). Attitudes towards and effects of the use of video games in classroom learning with specific reference to literacy attainment. Research in Education, 90,